6. Describe the political ends that List hopes to achieve through economic measures.

Friedrich List, a 19th-century German economist, was known for his advocacy of economic nationalism and the promotion of protective tariffs and trade policies to advance national interests. List believed that economic development was crucial for a nation's political strength and sovereignty. Here are the political ends List hoped to achieve through economic measures:

1. National Unity and Identity: List argued that a strong economy would foster national unity and identity by promoting a sense of common purpose and shared prosperity among citizens. Economic development, according to List, could help overcome regional disparities and promote a cohesive national identity.

2. Political Independence: List viewed economic self-sufficiency and industrial development as essential for political independence. He believed that nations needed to develop their industries to reduce reliance on foreign powers and safeguard against economic domination by other countries.

3. Military Strength: List saw economic development as crucial for building military strength. He believed that a strong economy provided the resources necessary to maintain a powerful military and defend national interests. List advocated for protective tariffs to protect domestic industries, which he saw as vital for supplying the military with necessary goods and technologies.

4. International Influence: List believed that a strong economy would enhance a nation's international influence and prestige. By developing a robust industrial base and engaging in trade on favorable terms, List argued that nations could assert themselves more effectively on the global stage and secure advantageous diplomatic relationships.

5. Social Stability: List contended that economic development could contribute to social stability by providing employment opportunities, raising living standards, and reducing social unrest. He saw industrialization and economic growth as mechanisms for alleviating poverty and promoting social cohesion, which were essential for maintaining political stability.

Overall, List's political ends through economic measures revolved around strengthening the nation-state, enhancing its autonomy and influence, and fostering social cohesion and stability. He believed that economic policies aimed at promoting industrialization and protecting domestic industries were essential for achieving these objectives.