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A species becomes founders when a small group of individuals from that species establishes a new population in a previously unoccupied or isolated habitat. The founder effect occurs when this founding population is genetically different from the original population due to the limited genetic variation present in the founding individuals.
Founder events can occur in various scenarios, such as:
Colonization of new habitats: When a small group of individuals migrates to a new and isolated area, such as an island or a newly formed habitat, they become the founders of a new population.
Population bottleneck: A severe reduction in population size, often due to natural disasters, environmental changes, or human activities, can lead to a small group of individuals becoming the founders of a population that subsequently recovers and expands.
Human migration: Human populations can also experience founder effects when small groups of individuals migrate to new regions and establish new settlements.
In all these cases, the genetic composition of the founding population may not be representative of the original population, leading to differences in allele frequencies and genetic diversity. Over time, genetic drift and natural selection may further shape the genetic makeup of the population, resulting in the founder effect.
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