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Building a 'web presence' for a company or a business is not straightforward as it would seem. In today's crowded and competitive Interme environment, having a simple static website no longer qualifies as 'web presence

To establish your presence over the web, you have to look beyond the stat web site. Companies have tried different themes and models; some have clicke and turned into big successes, while many others have simply fizzled out.

It needs precise planning to make your venture a success.

In this unit, you will see the steps needed to build a successful weh presence and learn strategies that will allow you to transfer your business from just being a store on the block to an e-business on the web.

4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

ANSI/IEEE 1471-2000 standards define system architecture as the fundamental organisation of a system, embodied in its components, their its design and evolution. Simply put, it is a description of the design, different relationships to each other and the environment, and the principles governing elements and the interaction between them, based on the business requirement. Web Architecture is the set of principles that all agents in the system follow to create the large-scale effect of a shared information space. Identification, data formats and protocols are the main technical components of Web 

It is important to know the working of websites in order to understand the architecture behind the World Wide Web and the web presence. You have already understood the concept of IP address and the working of Internet and ISP. Let's take a practical example in which we will look at how a website page actually opens in the browser on your computer from a remote server over the Internet.

Before connecting to your ISP, if you type www.hotmail.com on your browser, you will see an error page with a message similar to the one given below:

Let's assume you are connected to your ISP using a dial-up network connection with the help of a modem and a telephone line. Now if you type www.hotmail.com on your browser, the hotmail home page opens instantly, From pre-connection to post-connection, what exactly is the change in your computer that helps you to access any website on the Internet?

As soon as you are connected, your machine has been assigned a Dynamic IP address. This address becomes your identity on the Internet. Every machine needs a unique identity in the form of an IP address which enables your computer to be a part of the Internet.

Now, if you observe carefully, when you are typing, www.hotmail.com.on the bottom left corner of your browser you will see a message which may read: "connecting to 201.158.219.56". This means, your computer detected the IP address of the hotmail website and is taking you to visit the hotmail website on that IP address.

So far so good. Now, the next question you have is, "How does my computer know the correct IP address of the hotmail website?"

The answer is simple; your computer gets this information from the Domain Name Server (DNS) that is listed in your TCP/IP properties. If you are not sure about the DNS server that your system is configured to use, from command prompt type IPCONFIG/ALL and you will get the IP address of your DNS server. This is typically an IP address of a server from your ISP. So, your computer actually sends a request to this server placed in your ISP, which is called the DNS server. This DNS maintains a record of all the domains in the world and their corresponding IP addresses. The server instantly returns the correct IP address of the website and your computer is diverted to that particular IP address. Just like the DNS server from your ISP, which caches all the domain data, there are other parent root servers which constantly update the data with the new domains, changed domains and the corresponding IP addresses. Your ISP's DNS server refers to these root servers if it is not able to find the required information of the domain in its list.

A website consists of a group of HTML. pages interlinked with each other. These pages are hosted or placed on an Internet server that is working 24x7x 365 days. When the request from a particular browser reaches this server, the fint page gets loaded. Typically, this page is the page that the hosting server administrator has marked as index.html or default.htm or some other name that the hosting server administrator can decide. So, every timend is loaded on hotmail.com the index page is sent from the hotmail server and is loaded ono your computer.

4.3 WEB PRESENCE STRATEGY

The 1990s was the decade of the .com revolution. Entrepreneurs and venture capitalists flooded to the Internet. Their perception was that sam adding a ".com" to a company name, gave it an added brand value and a stro stock price.

Some businesses made the most of the spectacular .com bubble, innovative thinking and strong visionary planning. Amazon and eBay, example, stand out as undisputed leaders of the e-commerce world.

The basic model of competitive strategy for these businesses wa very different from that of any other business: they retained the fundames principles of low cost, high volume and comprehensive service. The key their success, however, was the way in which they combined these traditis principles with innovative business models to provide products and services a range unapproachable through traditional channels.

Part of the reason that this strategy worked well for these businesses the fact that they were upcoming start-ups.

What happens, however, if you are not a start-up and you already hu business? Will this business strategy still work for you? How can an existing buses grow by making the best use of the all-powerful Internet? The trick for an e business is to find just the right niche that will offer a competitive advantage

Clearly, a web presence strategy will differ based upon the orgathe current positioning of the business. So we should segregate bus organisations in two major sectors as follows: type of business

A start-up organisation which was BORN on the Internet as a part of the e-commerce market space.

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A well-established traditionally positioned organisation which now wants to take advantage of the e-commerce market space.

The start-ups are running a race against time. Those who are the early entrants and hit the market with a unique idea have a great chance of survival. So the first-comers have clicked, and made it big in brand and money. If you are not the first, then it is better to re-think your strategy and be different and build a new sector brand. As a start-up it is extremely important to assess the target market and determine whether it is still realistically open for new entrants. The start-up on the net needs to anticipate the possible moves from established organisations and utilise its own agility to counter these rivals.

BRICK TO CLICK APPROACH

"The only constant in the world is change" and as we have seen, the big change in the last decade was the Internet. The rise of the Internet has been unprecedented, even in comparison to previous leaps in technology and information provision. It had taken 38 years for radio and 13 years for television to reach a coverage that the Internet had reached in less than 5 years across the globe. This change has impacted many organisations and industries dramatically and rapidly, often leaving organisations that are unprepared without a second chance to stay in the game. As a result, virtually every business today has realised that they must become a part of the Information Technology world in order to survive and grow. The traditional organisations need to cope up with the Internet technology very fast as their customers have realised its power and convenience.

A traditional assessment of an organisation's competitive position is based on determination of power held by buyers and suppliers in the industry, factoring the threat posed by new entrants, as well as the potential of substitute products. Company strategists have used these models for many decades to define business strategy and project future business potentials. This strategy is incomplete unless one considers the threat analysis from web competitors.

Let's look at an example:

A very popular bookstore in your city has a collection of books that experie always felt was never ending and sufficient. The store owner also feels the sam and believes he has a collection large and varied enough to guarantee hape for a long, long time. Any customers andks for is made available in 2 weeks, if not al podk in stock. shop owner earns a premium from sales of his international book section.

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Then one fine day, you open the newspaper and read about a webs which offers the same books as your neighborhood store at a 40% with a convenience of home delivery in less than 3 days for any book from an publishing house across the globe. discoun

All of a sudden you now have a virtual bookstore with 4 million mes titles than your traditional bookshop. You will think twice before you go the shop now and would prefer buying online and save money and time. Eve worse (for the store keeper), you can go to the shop, browse through the boo and then order it from this website at a discounted price.

You can see why the shop owner now needs to seriously rethink he business plan and strategy. He suddenly has tremendous competition from previously unknown competitors.

He is now, willing or unwilling, thrown in the deep waters of e-busines which is completely going to change the way he is doing business.

The only option for him is now to pick up a book on e-commerce from his own shop and make a proper business transition plan from "brick-to-click".

1. Brick-and-Mortar

This term is used to describe a traditional business organisation. The tem is used more in the context of e-business to describe an organisation that does engage in caring its revenue primary describe an companies are now moving away from just being ga brick-and-mortar company They try to combine their largely traditional retail operations with some online shopping. They harness technology to achieve greater productivity and an attempting to transform their operations to support the digital business model

Both the "brick-and-mortar" (B&M) and "elick-and-portal" (C&P) hav their own advantages and disadvantages.

The B&M organisations provide an advantage of in-store shopping experience and the touch-and-feel factor that is missing in C&P.

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B&M offers a smooth service in terms of returns, repairs or exchanges. which is not that convenient in C&P.

C&P websites offer the any-time-shopping experience and the convenience

shopping advantage, which is missing in B&M. C&P websites offer a global shopping experience with no geographical boundaries of products or services. This cannot be matched by B&M.

This has led to a new breed of businesses, which are now more commonly known as Click & Brick model of business. This upcoming trend is a hybrid offline-online business model, which incorporates both physical and online business practices.

3. Click-and-Brick

The click-and-brick business model encourages an existing offline business to profit from partnering with an emerging online presence. Established business houses are taking the path towards becoming e-enabled and saving on cost and passing the advantage to the consumers. The banks have largely benefited by this particular approach. Most of the banks keep the existing "brick-and-mortar" traditional business and also open new branches because that's where the customers feel more comfortable to sign up for new accounts. Once the relationship is established, the customers are encouraged to use the online interface for monitoring and managing their accounts, money transfers, enquiries, etc. and ATMs are used for money withdrawals. This helps in providing more professional and customised service and also saves a lot on the cost and overheads. Many companies are following the same logic and taking advantage of both the traditional business as well as the online business.

It has become apparent that everyone will soon order everything over the Web right from the daily groceries to books and furniture. People realised that the key to success is to seamlessly weave together the benefits of both the worlds and to provide maximum benefit to the consumer.

OFFLINE PRESENCE AND ONLINE PRESENCE

In a haste to make a presence online, people put up a website which sends an incorrect message to the visitor. Building an offline presence is totally different than making an online presence. In your shop you have a lot of things to put on display and to attract customers and lure them to stay in your shop to buy things. In the online world you have less than seven seconds to get

a customer to be hooked on to your website. He has multiple options tos and look at alternative websites and products. So the approach should be defined and thought out for an online presence.

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the Just being online with a brochure-based website does not put you own area on the Web. With further time investments, planning and targe promotions your site can reach the final goal of a proper online business web creating you

Also, don't expect your website to be profitable from day one. It's going to generate business for you immediately tell your online profile, generate sales leads, and help to strengthen your existing busine relationships.

The offline and online business should have a synergy between the The web should be an extended arm for your current business procedures relationships.

Physical stores always offer convenience and personal service whi lacks in any online website. But with a proper combination of offline and onlin presence, you can offer a more convenient method of business interaction.

4.6 CONTENT AND INFORMATION

The successful websites is one, which offers the right content and correct information to the person visiting your website. A quality website shoul contain at least some original content. Sites offering quality content will attrac much more traffic than those that are just selling something. Give your visitor a reason to keep coming back. Continually add new content.

You can plan the correct content and information based upon the competition, audience and the industry. The content will vary based upon the products or the services that you are offering.

Selecting content for your website

There is no rule stating a website should equally represent all aspect of your business. You should promote those aspects of your business that bes applies to your website visitors. This approach usually emphasises products services with no geographic limitations (mail order better than store visits), s for a lower cost or require the least explanation or negotiation.

These days, anyone with web design software and time to kill can pl together a good website promoting or selling a product or service even if he/s has no experience in that area. So how do you stand out from such websites und portray a legitimate business?

You should showcase the work you have done over a long period of tim or put forth your unique specialty. On the web, it's always better to demonstras rather than tell. One way is with a showcase or spotlight page, and another with sidebars that tell stories or show testimonials.

Highlight your points

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Most people don't read the copy of websites. Online, however, it's especially important to make your point in short sentences, paragraphs and bulleted lists. Create multiple points of entry for the reader's eye by boldfacing words or by varying the layout with shaded boxes and sidebars. Put appropriate images wherever possible, one image is worth a thousand words!

Add updates, tips and news

Many companies want website features that are regularly updated with company or industry news or tips. If you already have a printed newsletter, there are a few great options to display the same information on your website.

But ensure that you regularly keep the data updated. Stalling on posting updates on a dated feature can make you look lazy or even out of business!

Encourage users

You can encourage the visitors to give feedbacks, offer free downloads and give free samples. Give them a money back guarantee if they are not satisfied with the product or service. Put up testimonials of happy customers who have tried your website.

Provide information

Don't just target on selling your product. Provide relevant information to the customer about your product. Give a true picture of what you offer and don't give any false commitments. Provide a comparison of other products in the market and highlight the positive and negative aspects of your products.

4.7 THE REVENUE MODEL

A "revenue model" refers to the specific modes in which a business model enables revenue generation.

Not all the e-commerce initiatives have the goal of money generation. It is said that "a dollar saved is a dollar earned", so revenue generation can be in terms of reduced costs, improved service or efficient support. But as an online website which focuses on e-commerce as the sole money generation, needs to have a proper revenue model to sustain in the online world.

E-commerce firms generate revenues through subscription fees, advertisement fees and transactional income.

The revenue models used by different websites can be broadly classified as web catalogue, advertising-supported, advertising subscription mixed, fee- based models and digital content revenue model.

1. Web Catalogue Revenue Model

The origin of this revenue model dates back to 18 Century. In 1872, Aaron Montgomery-Ward started selling dry goods to farmers using a one-page list. Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck in 1895 began mailing catalogues

farmers and small residents. They setup a tradition of retail stores and becam major players in the retail industry.

online catalogue for purchase. In the Web Catalogue Model the prospective buyer picks items from

These purchases may be made online, by telephone or by mail (s some people might be afraid to disclose credit card information online),

The type of items sold by this method includes:

Computers and consumer electronics (Dell.com)

Books, music and videos (Amazon.com)

Clothing (Myvirtualmodel.com)

2. Advertising Supported Revenue Model

This model is used by network television in the US where the audience provided with free viewing with advertising messages.

The money made from advertising supports the operation of the business,

Before the year 2000, this was an extremely popular model (betwen 1994 and 1998 it grew from US $0-$2 billion.

During 2000-2002 there was no growth in Web advertising. Since 2002 however Web advertising started to grow again but at a slower rate. Only a fes high-traffic sites could generate significant revenue this way because of t large number of visitors.

3. Advertising-subscription Mixed Model

Used for many years by newspapers and magazines (subscribers pay fee and accept some level of advertising). Subscribers are subjected to-les Wall Street Journal use this model. Both of these newspapers use a separa for the print and online editions. revenue model

For Transcchey fie Revenise model

The New York Times is supported mainly by advertising, but charges small subscription fee for visitors who want to access crossword puzzles. searchable archive (dated back to 1996) is also provided.

A small fee is charged for articles dated back more than one week.

4. Fee-for-Transaction Revenue Model

In this model businesses offer services for which a fee is charged. The fer is based on the number or size of transactions they process.

Transactions can be personalised and executed much cheaper tha traditional transaction service providers.

A good example would be a travel agent.

Traditionally, they were paid a commission for every ticket sold. With mur low cost flights being offered, commissions in many cases have disappeared A

a result, many travel agents now charge a flat fee for processing a ticket on an airline that has reduced or eliminated the fees it pays to travel agents.

5. Fee-for-Service Revenue Model

An increasing number of organisations are charging fees for services provided. These fees are not based on the size or number of transactions processed, but rather on the value of the service provided (online games and entertainment).

Sony's EverQuest adventure game has more than 400,000 players. Each player purchased a US$40 software pack and pays US$10 monthly.

6. Digital Content Revenue Model

Digital products received through purchasing or subscriptions and they

are received instantly (legal research lexis.com).

Digital copies of published documents (ProQuest acquired reproduction rights to digital versions of journals and books).

Also ACM (Associated for Computer Machinery),

4.8 UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR ONLINE

To increase the effectiveness of your online business and to generate more business it's extremely important to study how users actually use the Web. The online consumer behaviour helps to categorise a consumer and give a personalised service.

According to Booz-Allen & Hamilton, the elite management and technology consulting firm, and NetRatings, Inc. Web usage patterns fall into seven categories of online behaviour and while in some categories consumers are more likely to buy, in others they are nearly immune to traditional online marketing pleas.

These studies are of much help and examine facts about online behaviour to improve the ways that business interacts with its customers via the Internet and other new technologies.

According to the study, focusing on how people actually use the Internet - exploiting Internet technology's ability to track behaviour is superior to marketers' current reliance on "best-guess" demographic and other user-based segmentations.

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Focusing on the wide behavioural variations exhibited by online consumers and the opportunities that these variations can provide for marketers, the study introduces "occasionalisation," a new form of Internet market segmentation that identifies consumer segments based on online usage occasions rather than on user-based characteristics, such as demographies or attitudinal data.

Segmentation

By exploring users' session characteristics how long a user stayed online, how much time the user spent on each page, site familiarity 

category concentration of sites visited the study uncovered seven types sessions, and found that three -Information Please, Loitering and Surfing more likely to involve shopping than others. These sessions are the length ranging from 33 to 70 minutes, and page views are one to two minutes, so are likely to linger on a page and be exposed to different messages.

Quickies

Typically short (1 minute) sessions that centre around visits to t fewer familiar sites. Users spend about 15 seconds per page extracting spe bits of information or sending e-mail. Users in Quickie sessions may not n any type of message as they scoop up the needed information and log off.

Just the Facts

Users here seek specific pieces of information from known sites. At minutes, these sessions are longer than Quickies but share the aspect of rap page views. These occasions are less likely to involve sites best enjoyed leisure, such as entertainment. Users in 'Just the Facts' sessions have a l propensity to buy.

Single Mission

Users want to complete a certain task or gather specific information an then leave the Internet. During these visits, generally lasting 10 minutes, user venture into unfamiliar sites to find what they need, while concentrating sites within a single category. Users in 'Single Mission' sessions are only oper to messages related to the purpose of the session, but a well-targeted banner al may provide a good return.

Do It Again

These sessions are 14 minutes in length and are notable for lingering page views: 2 minutes, tied with loitering for the longest of the seven type of sessions. 95 per cent of the time is spent at sites the user has visited at leas four times in the past. Users in 'Do It Again' sessions may be willing to clicd through banner ads that are strategically placed on their favourite sites or read to site sponsorships that bring real content directly to the consumer.

Loitering

At 33 minutes in length, with two-minute page views, 'Loitering' session are similar to 'Do It Agains': leisurely visits to familiar "sticky" sites, such as news, games, telecommunications/ISP, and entertainment sites. A compan undertaking a brand positioning campaign would focus on Loitering sessions where the consumer spends more time on each page and is more likely to absoth the marketer's message and develop the necessary brand associations.

Information, Please

These sessions average 37 minutes in length and are used to build in depth knowledge of a topic, perhaps for a research report. They differ from "Single Missions' because users gather broad information

Lisers in "Information, Please sessions are mostly going to familiar sites, but are willing to cross-categorise and linger on a page that piques their interest, giving marketers an opportunity to expose them to different messages.

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Surfing

Surfing sessions are the longest, averaging 70 minutes, with few stops at familiar sites, as users hit nearly 45 sites in a typical session. Time per page is a minute or more, suggesting wide, but not deep explorations. Surfers usually spend time on sites with lots of content, giving marketers opportunities to build branding awareness, since during these occasions users will be exposed to messages for a relatively long time. Sponsorships of content are another good approach, encouraging users to associate their favourite content with a specific brand name.

Brick-and-Mortar is used to describe a traditional business organisation. The term is used more in the context of e-business to describe an

organisation that does not engage in earning its revenue primarily from

online means.

Click-and-Portal is applicable for business organisation that is engaged in

earning its revenue primarily from online means.

The click-and-brick business model encourages an existing offline business to profit from partnering with an emerging online presence

A "revenue model" refers to the specific modes in which a business model enables revenue generation.

The combination of offline and online presence will finally decide the success of any venture.

The content of the websites and the information available helps decide the revenue models and revenue generation for the website companies.

why we need and require data warehouse?
A data warehouse is a type of data management system that is designed to enable and support business intelligence (BI) activities, especially analytics. A data warehouse is a central repository that stores structured data (such as database tables or Excel sheets) and semi-structured data (such as XML files or webpages) from various sources for the purposes of reporting and analysis. A data warehouse usually contains large amounts of historical data that can be used for data mining, data visualization, and other forms of BI reporting. A data warehouse can also provide a single source of truth for an organization by consolidating and integrating data from different sources and ensuring its quality and consistency¹²³⁴.

Some of the benefits of using a data warehouse are:

- Improved data quality and consistency: A data warehouse can help eliminate data silos, redundancies, errors, and inconsistencies that may exist in different data sources. It can also help standardize and integrate data from various sources into a common format and structure that can be easily accessed and analyzed.
- Enhanced data analysis and reporting: A data warehouse can help provide a comprehensive and historical view of the data that can support various types of analysis and reporting, such as descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive. It can also help enable faster and easier data exploration, discovery, and visualization using various BI tools and applications.
- Increased business intelligence and decision-making: A data warehouse can help deliver valuable insights and information that can help improve business performance and competitiveness. It can also help support strategic, tactical, and operational decision-making by providing timely, accurate, and relevant data to the end-users, analysts, and decision-makers.
- Reduced costs and risks: A data warehouse can help reduce the costs and risks associated with data management, storage, processing, and security. It can also help optimize the use of resources and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes

.

What is digital image processing?
Digital image processing is use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. Digital image processing as a broad spectrum of application, such as remote sensing via satellite and other space crafts. A single digital image can present a very large amount of information in a compact and easily interpreted form. Many of the techniques of digital image processing, or digital picture processing has developed in the 1960s at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MIT, Bell Labs, University of Maryland as application of satellite imagery.
Wire photo standard conversion, medical imaging, videophone, character recognition and photo enhancement, and the cost of processing was fairly high with the computing equipment of that era. In the 1970s, digital image processing proliferated, when cheaper computers and dedicated hardware became available. Images could then be processed in real time, for some dedicated problems as television standard conversion.
As general purpose computers became faster, they started to take over the role of dedicated hardware for all but the most specialized and computer intensive operations. With fast computers and signal processors available in the 2000s, digital image processing has become the most common form of image processing, and is generally used because it is the most versatile method.
Digital image processing allows the use of much more complex algorithms for image processing, and hence can offer more sophisticated performance at simple tasks, and the implementation of methods which would be impossible by analog means.
In accordance with the methodology of image analysis, digital image processing is the theoretical and practical approach for the Classification , Feature Extraction and Pattern Recognition of the image.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

"Electronic commerce" is one of the most talked about topics since late 1990s. This was the concept that revolutionised the Internet technol and totally changed the way in which business was done. It helped a lo companies to startup and make multi-billion dollars and at the same time, m a companies went down the drain. "E-commerce" as it is called, annoure its arrival with a boom and through there was a bust, it ensured that it here to stay as long as the Internet existed. In this unit, we will discuss a about carrying out transactions on the web and also try to understand w e-commerce is really all about.

3.2 E-COMMERCE CONCEPT

Before going on to the concept of e-commerce, first let's try to understa what we mean by "commerce". Commerce, in its simplest definition is," transaction of buying and selling of goods and services". Commerce need necessarily be always related to money.

It can also be defined as the exchange of something of value betwee two entities. That "something" may be goods, services, information, money, anything else the two entities consider to have value.

Now, when the same process is done with an electronic medium, the it's called e-commerce. Thus, "electronic commerce means the transaction buying and selling of goods and services through a digital medium".

The Internet, which has been one of the most technological advancemen in recent years, has helped to fuel the out of proportion growth of e-commerc Benefits of e-commerce were initially exploited by industries which wer depending more and more on computers, telecommunications and the Intens to produce, sell and distribute goods and services. But the concept soon cau comith other business verticals and these businesses also piped on t e-commerce wagon to reap in benefits with high profit margins.https://alphaekyc.adityabirlamoney.com/?utm_source=refer&utm_medium=we114180

3.3 TRADITIONAL COMMERCE AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

E-commerce transactions are considered to be far different from conventional commerce transactions. It is also said that unless the existing businesses switch over to this e-commerce business, they are sure to face closure in due course. This is not the truth, but the truth is, e-commerce will definitely change the way the traditional business is done. The traditional businesses will not face extinction if they decide to ignore the e-commerce world, but eventually they will benefit little, or not at all, by ignoring the power of e-commerce.

Any traditional business essentially consists of different players at different mediums which fall into three categories of buyers, sellers and brokers.

A buyer is a customer who purchases certain goods or services. Once the buyer decides his specific need, the buyer finds the product that will match his needs. After selecting the product, the buyer finds a seller and after he is satisfied with the specific features and capabilities of the product, he agrees to buy the product. Both buyer and the seller agree on the terms and conditions and the buyer will then pay for the purchase. In the history of commerce the seller used to be a producer. But the separation between sellers and producers has been an important stage of commerce development.

A broker is an intermediary who helps buyers and sellers to complet transaction. But the broker need not exist in every transaction and may exit 1 only certain transactions like a real estate agent.

it was E-commerce started taking shape during the early 1970s and 1980s, at a very nascent stage and the only application was for Electronic F Transfer (EFT). The first known example of e-commerce is the introduction EFT between banks over secure private networks, which changed the way

financial markets did business.

Eventually, the advent of the World Wide Web in the 1990s, turned ours be a turning point in e-commerce by providing an easy to use and a cheaper doing business.

of The traditional methods of doing business started using the Inter medium to do business transactions. It also gave way to new ways and metho of doing business and helped people to think outside the box. New busine

models were started to capitalize on this new power of Internet media.

Essentially, electronic commerce is the use of technology to improve efficiency of business processes by handling them automatically and electronical

3.4 UNDERSTANDING PORTALS

List down a few names of websites that come to your mind when you

think of e-commerce. These domains should essentially offer e-commera transactions and a shopping experience from their websites. Here are a few. www.rediff.com www.indiatimes.com www.yahoo.com www.123greeting com www.barnesandnoble.com www.ebay.com

Fig. 3.1: www.rediff.com, An Example of a Portal

All these websites are "e-commerce enabled" which means these sites offer an electronic medium by which users coming to the website can buy products or services. A typical name is given to such websites. They are popularly known as

PORTALS.

A portal is a website which offers multiple services like search engine, chat, e-mail, shopping etc. under a single domain.

If you closely observe the example of the domains listed above, you will see that the first three websites offer all generic services where you can get multiple services and multiple products. But the next three domains offer similar services with the difference that they focus on a niche market. www.123greetings.com focuses only on greetings, while www.barnesandnoble. com specializes in online selling of books, whereas the USP of www.ebay.com

is to offer a website where users can buy as well as sell goods online. Such websites are called VORTALS. Thus, Vertical Portals or Vortals are websites which focus only on a vertical segment of the Industry. Another example is a website like www.sharekhan.com which focuses on giving services related to stock trading.

Another misconception about e-business is that only those companies can

do e-business who are in the business of computers or Internet. People felt that e-commerce only meant for those people who knew about the Internet and have business related to computers and Internet.

Rather, e-business is for those companies who have not yet implemented computerisation in their entire business cycle. E-business is not about starting a new business or re-inventing your existing business.

E-business is about streamlining your current business processes to improve operating efficiencies that in turn will strengthen the value you provide to your customers value that cannot be generated by any other means, and value that will give you a serious advantage over your competition.

E-business uses the strong foundation of the core processes, which have been always used in traditional business, and merges that with the technological strengths and simplicity of the Internet medium. These new applications, called the e-business applications, let people do business in a more meaningful and profitable manner.

E-business needs investment and precise planning to implement and make it a success. But the budgets for a company to be "E" enabled may vary from a few hundred dollars to billions of dollars depending upon the need, industry and the final goal.

Banks have always been pioneers in taking e-business initiatives and giving the best services through the electronic medium to its customers. The ME IT spending forecast is the leading indicator of major technology trends across the hardware, software, IT services and telecom markets. For more than a decade, global IT and business executives have been using these highly anticipated quarterly reports to recognize market opportunities and challenges, and base their critical business decisions on proven methodologies rather than guesswork.

ME devices spending is forecast to reach US$34.2 billion in 2014, up 15.7 percent from 2013 (See table 3.1)

Table 3.1: Middle East IT spending Forecast (Billions of U.S. Dollars)

3.5.1 E-business: History and Revolution

The first known efforts in e-business were taken by www.ame The company started its online operations in July 1995 with a mission to Internet to transform book buying into the fastest, easiest, and most eng shopping experience possible. In no time did they earn immense popula started getting huge business over the Internet in multiple countries, and many other such websites that mushroomed during the same time the concept of shopping. People started coming up with wild ideas of different products online. This was a new experience even for the bu could now buy anything from books, shoes, cassettes and even cans, too all from the quiet privacy and convenience of their home.

Entrepreneurs could come up with a unique idea and gave it

design a logo with a slogan, join the "dot com" community and soon ba proud owner of a brand new e-business. It did not require heavy invest put up a website and neither did it need an existing brand name.

With the success of such small companies, the bigger and c companies also decided to try their hands at e-business. Such compani were called "Brick and Mortar" companies soon launched their own "C Portal" business models.

"Brick and Mortar" companies are those companies who have a

presence in a shop or an office, while "Click and Portal" companies companies that operate virtually and do most of their business tra online.

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3.6 TYPES OF E-BUSINESS WEBSITES

The "dot com" boom had set a buzzword that generated a lot of terminologies for the websites doing business over the Internet

We can classify websites under e-business depending upon the seller who is selling his products and services and the buyer who is buying from the website. Business organisations as well as a consumer can do both the buying and the selling. Based on this we can classify e-business websites into four major categories. Refer to Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: E-business Classification

BUSINESS TO CONSUMER

BUSINESS

CONSUMER TO CONSUMER

CONSUMER

CONSUMER

Buyer:

Seller:

Let us now look at these types in a little more detail.

1. B2B-Business to Business

A business organisation is involved here in commercial transactions with another business organisation. In short, the seller is a business organisation and the buyer is also a business organisation.

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Payer

seller

Today global competition is increasing day by day and every corporate company is looking at different ways and means to cut costs and increase profits. Business relations and inter-business processes are changing drastically and many organisations have adapted to B2B trading technologies and methods. A few of the pioneering companies in B2B websites have been Cisco, Dell. General Electric, etc. Different verticals are making use of B2B and forming their own network. We have many directories of online B2B categories focusing on different industries. A few of the industries that have benefited are automobile. clothing and textiles, food processing, supply chain management etc.

An example of a B2B website is www.steelrx.com. This website caters to a varied audience of people worldwide comprising of steel professionals, technocrats, government officers, steel manufacturers, steel processors, steel end users, academicians, planners as well as various steel and allied associations.

om A business organisation is involved here in commercial transa directly with a consumer. In short, the seller is a business organisation selling its products and services to a consumer over the Internet. With the B2C network well established, the end-consumer has bene

a lot as he gets a good price advantage. The company is directly dealing

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the end customer, so the middle agents and commissions are reduced and

price advantage can be directly passed on to the customer. The pionee company in B2C has been www.amazon.com. The markets soon picked uş its success and now we have many companies offering B2C services such online banking, travel services, online auctions, health information, real est sites etc.

Dell has been one of the most successful companies which encoun B2C selling over the web www.dell.com. Dell directly sells its products o the Internet to the end customers without a reseller in between. 

C2B-Consumer to Business

A consumer is involved here in commercial transactions with a business organisation. In short, the seller is an individual consumer who is offering his products or services to a business organisation over the Interner

The C2B market is not a well-established market as yet, as the consumers

do not have enough resources to cater to the online business organisations. But the Internet medium helps the consumer to expand the reach by making an online web presence and does not need to invest heavily in marketing or establishing contacts. The areas where C2B market is flourishing are those areas where individual consulting is needed such as tax consultants, electrical contractors, medical practitioners, actors, etc.

www.junewalkeronline.com is a website of an individual tax consultant offering services to business organisations. 

4. C2C - Consumer to Consumer

A consumer is involved here in commercial transactions directly w another consumer. In short, the seller is an individual consumer who is offerin his products or services to another consumer over the Internet. The C2C portals are becoming very popular as the consumers get a firs

hand experience to do business right from the comfort of their own house. Th C2C website is normally just an interface between the consumers to initia and help in closing their transactions. Online bidding for different products is good example of a C2C website where consumers put their products online an any other consumer can bid for the product to buy it. C2C websites also offe services which are in the form of information, like an online forum communi website where consumers share experiences about travel, hobbies, professin etc.

Ebay, www.ebay.com, has been one of the most successful websites the C2C category and they have developed a business model which they implementing in every country to target local consumers. 

Other types of e-business websites

The government is also taking a lot of initiative to encourage e-business transactions. The Indian Government has launched websites which will offer e-business solutions to business organisations as well as consumers. Such websites can be categorised under G2B and G2C websites.

1. G2B-Government to Business

The government offers varied business solutions and services that can be of benefit for business organisations. This IT initiative taken by the government encourages business organisations to practice paperless transactions for smoother and faster business experience. The most popularly accepted effort by the government has been their online tendering facility.

If you visit www.maharashtra.gov.in, you will be able to read all the important information about the current tenders, you can download tender forms and can get in touch with other departments of the Maharashtra government. This creates a crystal clear relationship between the business organisations and the government. 

G2C-Government to Consumer

The consumers needed a way by which they could communicate with government in a faster way. The common man of India needed an alternat to reduce the day-to-day hassles of communicating with various governme bodies. The most successful effort that has been highly appreciated by a lot people has been that of the Indian Railways.

The Indian Railways website, www.indianrail.gov.in, gives the details the train timings, booking status, online ticket booking options, etc. for all trains across India. It gives you the option to do your bookings online and the tickets delivered at your doorstep. It saves a lot of time for the Railw department as well as for the consumers. 

An Example of a G2C Website

These are the different ways by which most of the e-business websites are categorised popularly. Thus, e-business gave multiple dimensions and options for doing business, not just for the traditional business houses, but also for a lot of new ideas and entrepreneurial efforts in the Internet world. E-business is supposed to be saving multimillion dollars for all those companies worldwide who have accepted the e-business way.

Vertical Portals or Vortals are websites which focus only on a vertic segment of the Industry. Another example is a website like ww sharekhan.com which focuses on giving services related to stock trading

Summary

E-commerce is based on the foundation of the Internet and the web the traditional commerce and electronic commerce are equally impon for businesses to grow and gain more profits.

The concept tof portals and vortals introduced us to The interestineb sites have been differentiated into popular types like B2C, C2B and C2C. The government has also taken make e-commerce a success. e-busines initiative

A buyer is a customer who purchases certain goods or services. Onces buyer decides his specific need, the buyer finds the product that will ma his needs. After selecting the product, the buyer finds a seller and after is satisfied with the specific features and capabilities of the product, agrees to buy the product.

A broker is an intermediary who helps buyers and sellers to comple transaction.

QUESTIONS:

1.Define profit centre.

Ans: Profit Centre is a part of business accountable for costs and revenues.

2. State the objective of Cost Accounting.

Ans: Objectives of Cost Accounting

The following are the main objectives of Cost Accounting: -

(a) To ascertain the Costs under different situations using different techniques and systems of costing

(b) To determine the selling prices under different circumstances

(c) To determine and control efficiency by setting standards for Materials, Labour and Overheads

(d) To determine the value of closing inventory for preparing financial statements of the concern

(e) To provide a basis for operating policies which may be determination of Cost Volume relationship,

whether to close or operate at a loss, whether to manufacture or buy from market, whether

to continue the existing method of production or to replace it by a more improved method of

production.... etc.

(f) To achieve real and permanent reduction in the unit cost of goods manufactured or services

rendered without impairing their suitability for the use intended or diminution in the quality of the

product.