NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics, Chapter 12 - Thermodynamics

In this chapter, we will learn about thermodynamics and its different processes. Thermodynamics can be described as the transformation of heat into other forms of energy and Vice-Versa. Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science and it does not deal with the molecular constitution of matter. Chapter 12 of the book, Physics Part-II, consists of the 13 sub-sections, where each section explains the various aspects of the chapter in details.

Let us take a look at the subtopics of Class 11 Physics, Chapter 12, Thermodynamics.

12.1. Introduction.

12.2. Thermal Equilibrium.

12.3. Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics.

12.4. Heat, internal energy, and work.

12.5. First Law of Thermodynamics.

12.6. Specific. Heat capacity.

12.6.1. Specific Heat Capacity of Water

12.7. Thermodynamic state variables and equation of state

12.8. Thermodynamic processes.

12.8.1. Quasi-Static process.

12.8.2. Isothermal Process.

12.8.3. Adiabatic Process.

12.8.4. Isochoric Process.

12.8.5. Isobaric Process.

12.8.6. Cyclic Process.

12.9. Heat engines.

12.10. Refrigerators and heat pumps

12.11. Second Law of Thermodynamics

12.12. Reversible and Irreversible Processes.

12.13. Carnot Engine.

In class 11 Physics, Chapter 12, you will learn:

Section 12.1: In this section, you will learn with a brief overview of Thermodynamics. The clear distinction that exists between thermodynamics and mechanics has also been described in this chapter with proper examples.

Section 12.2: In this section, you will learn that by Thermal Equilibrium. You will also understand the system where the macroscopic properties such as Pressure, Temperature, Volume, etc. do not change with respect to time. In this portion, we shall be familiarised with the concept of an insulating wall (Adiabatic Wall) and a conducting wall (Diathermic Wall). For more information, you may refer to Thermodynamics Physics Class 11 NCERT Solutions Pdf.

Section 12.3: In this section, you will learn that the entire study of thermodynamics is broadly based on a few laws, known as the Laws of Thermodynamics. The Zeroth law states that if bodies A and B are in Thermal Equilibrium with a third body C, then A and B are also in equilibrium with each other.

Section 12.4: In this section, you will learn that in thermodynamics, heat, and work are not state functions but path functions, depending upon the work process/path followed. Rather it can be stated that a gas in a state has a certain amount of Internal Energy. If you want to understand this portion better you may go through Thermodynamics NCERT Solutions Physics.

Section 12.5: In this section, you will learn that the first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. It can simply be converted from one form to another. The law gives us a relation between Heat, Internal Energy and Work. You can also find the third if two values are known. You will even study more about the first law in this section.

Section 12.6: In this section, you will learn about Specific Heat Capacity at different conditions, i.e. at Constant Pressure and Constant Volume. We shall also be gaining knowledge about Specific Heat Capacity of Water, discussed in a sub-heading.

Section 12.7: In this section, you will learn about Isotherm- the pressure-volume curve at a fixed temperature. Thermodynamic state variables- Extensive and Intensive, are discussed in this section of the chapter.

Section 12.8: In this section, you will learn about the Thermodynamic processes that take place in different conditions such as Quasi-Static, Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isochoric, Isobaric, Cyclic, etc.

Section 12.9: In this section, you will learn in general terms, how Heat Engine may be described as a process where Heat is converted to Work by a system through a cyclic process. You will also come to know about the efficiency of a system in this part of the chapter.

Section 12.10: In this section, you will learn that Refrigerators and heat pumps work opposite to the way a heat engine works. Work is done on the system to transfer heat from a lower reservoir and release it to a higher reservoir. For more information, please refer to the textbook.

Section 12.11: In this section, you will learn about the Second Law is described in two statements- the Kelvin-Planck Statement and the Clausius statement. It is a relevant law that gives us insight into the limitations of the working of Heat Engines and Refrigerators.

Section 12.12: In this section, you will learn as the names suggest, processes can be differentiated based on Reversibility. This topic contains definitions of Reversible and Non-Reversible Processes.

Section 12.13: In this section, you will learn how Carnot Engine is a hypothetical system consisting of two Adiabatic Processes and two Isothermal processes. It is assumed to have the highest efficiency. This topic also includes equations and formulae related to the working of the Carnot Engine.