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Value Stream Mapping:

Value stream mapping (VSM) is one of the lean manufacturing techniques used to identify waste, reduce process cycle times, and implement process improvement. VSM is, also known as "material and information flow mapping", depicts various work streams and information flows. 

A core principle in lean methodology is the removal of waste within an operation. The Lean Manufacturing model recognizes seven types of waste within an operation

• Overproduction
• Inventory
• Motion
• Defects
• Over-processing
• Waiting &
• Transport

To overcome the spotted issues in any production plant, We want a contemporary and comprehensive producing strategy or ways to optimize their performance. Here go some of the better-accepted strategies under lean manufacturing tools.

• Just-in-Time, Six Sigma,
• Total Quality Management (TQM),
• Statistical Process Control (SPC),
• Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) 
• Kanban System 
• Cellular Manufacturing

How to Identify the waste??

• Implementation of 5S. (Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu& Shitsuke), This will greatly help in distinguishing the waste from the saleable job.
• Visual study
• Time study
• Motion study through videography

What is Non-Value Added Activity?

Operation = Value added Activity + Non Value Added Activity

Value Added = Increases value of production

Non-Value Added = Increases cost of production only.

Kaizen: - It is a tool for improvement and helps to improve our processes. It has got a wide scope of application. Simply defined as "Continuous Change."

Consider a tank which is filled with water and placed at some heights. This tank has a pipe connection that is going downwards to another tank in the ground level. The height difference between the 2 tanks can be considered as the potential difference (which measures in "voltage" ) and the flow of water from the tank 1 to tank 2 can be considered as the "current" . And the funny part is one day a stone got stucked in halfway of pipe and the water flow reduced, which can be considered as the term "resistance"😀

Display memory is updated by incrementing addresses. Please refer to the following diagram.
where: Command 1: Display Mode Setting Command
Command 2: Data Setting Command
Command 3: Address Setting Command
Data 1 to n: Transfer Display Data (14 Bytes max.)
Command 4: Display Control Command
The following diagram shows the waveforms when updating specific
addresses.
Command1: Data Setting Command
Command2: Address Setting Command
Data: Display Data
RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING PROGRAMMING PROGRAMMING PROGRAMMING
FLOWCHART FLOWCHART FLOWCHART FLOWCHART
Note: 1. Command 1: Display Mode Commands
2. Command 2: Data Setting Commands
3. Command 3: Address Setting Commands
4. Command 4: Display Control Commands
5. When IC power is applied for the first time, the contents of the Display
RAM is not defined; thus, it is strongly suggested that the contents of the
Display RAM must be cleared during the initial setting.

The days when e-discovery consisted of handing over copies of e-mails to address Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, compliance regulations or other legal obligations are over. Now, it's just as likely that the process of discovery will also entail coming up with relevant presentations, text messages, social media posts and Internet of Things data, according to a new research report on the topic of e-discovery.

As author Osterman Research stated in the report, six in 10 managers are at least "somewhat worried" that their organizations will be sued. Four in 10 anticipate an increase in the number of e-discovery requests they'll face over the next 12 months.

Electronically stored information, or ESI, is growing, making the e-discovery process more challenging for those trying to comply with a request, Osterman said. A 2016 survey found that organizations stored a mean of 49.3 gigabytes of e-mail data per user and that total messaging-related storage during the previous 12 months had increased a mean of 18 percent. With growth at that pace, the data per user will reach 133 gigabytes by 2022.

The ability to retain, find and produce various types of content varies, according to the survey. For example, 80 percent of respondents said they were "well prepared" or "very well prepared" to handle email up to one month old. That dropped to 57 percent for email older than six months. On the other hand, participants didn't show nearly the same level of confidence for other types of content:

• Content stored in Office 365: 44 percent
• Content stored by employees in cloud storage systems: 20 percent
• Instant messages: 18 percent
• Content stored in online applications such as Slack, HipChat or Jive: 12 percent

Also, data generated by Internet of Things devices "will increasingly be subject to e-discovery." The report noted content from an Alexa-enabled Amazon Echo device that was requested for a 2015 murder investigation. And "at least five U.S. states now use data from automobiles' vehicle event data recorders to determine the speed at which cars were traveling when they were involved in an accident."

"As the proportion of electronic content shifts primarily from documents created by humans to data generated by things," the report stated, "we anticipate a growing proportion of discoverable content will come from the latter."

The use of the cloud won't release organizations from their responsibilities related to e-discovery, the report emphasized. The cloud is making an impact on e-discovery in two ways. First, the cloud is where the goods are increasingly kept. That means that "e-discovery capabilities will need to adapt not only to the shift in venues where data may be found but also to any limitations that may be imposed by the cloud on e-discovery efforts, such as the speed of search from cloud-based data repositories that are accessed from Internet connections that may not always be adequate to the task at hand." Second, more cloud vendors have begun to offer e-discovery, archiving and other capabilities, which can make the work of e-discovery easier for the client.

The report offered several best practices related to e-discovery work, including three "basic principles" decision makers are encouraged to follow:

• Retain only what's necessary and only for as long as necessary. The report advised, "When records can be safely deleted, the deletion process should occur quickly with a carefully prescribed plan for 'defensible deletion.'"
• Be ready to "rapidly identify suspect or non-compliant content." Having a standard response for dealing with this kind of content, the report explained, will help prove that the organization is being proactive in dealing with it.
• Manage content to minimize risk. The approach should encompass systems, policies and training to minimize legal compliance risks, such as "inaccurate identification of content for retention, systematic failures to delete appropriate content and insufficient care by employees in following corporate policies."

"There is a lot at stake for firms that are not ready to respond quickly and appropriately to e-discovery requests. And, as this paper outlines, cobbling together manual processes and calling it a 'compliance' program has become unacceptable to insurance companies and the courts," said Founder Michael Osterman in a prepared statement. "So, business and IT leaders would be well advised to immediately take a proactive approach to their e-discovery readiness and, in doing so, enable their firm to stay competitive, avoid the consequences of non-compliance and earn the trust and loyalty of clients."

Knowledge on any subject is widely available to those who wish to learn. However, just gathering knowledge from other people doesn’t guarantee results in business. Results come from applying what you know in specific ways. And, if you’re a tech startup with dreams of being acquired by a top tech company, you need to get results.

Whenever you’re aiming for a level of success you haven’t yet achieved, it can help to have an experienced mentor, like a business coach, to teach you how.

A business coach is a mentor with personal experience

Tech startups hire coaches to help them make good business decisions and to learn proven strategies they can use to achieve a higher level of success. But having a coach is about more than just learning ways to make money. It’s about reworking your business from the inside out to generate a higher level of long-term success.

A business coach should have a proven track record of success in business prior to and independently of their coaching programs. Generating millions of dollars in revenue from coaching clients on how to run a business doesn’t automatically qualify someone to be a business coach. If the only source of their successful revenue comes from their coaching business, and they have no prior personal experience in business, they might just be a clever entrepreneur.

In the last few years, it seems like just about everyone is adding coaching services to their resume and charging $500/month or more for just a few phone calls. Many of them are legit, but some aren’t.

Here are four things you need to know about the coaching industry to help you select an experienced business coach who can get you real results:

1. Good coaches teach strategies from personal experience

Benjamin Franklin said, “Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn.” And that’s what good business coaches do—they involve their clients in what they’re teaching by helping them implement specific strategies so the client can learn from direct experience.

But sometimes coaches teach other people’s strategies that have been proven successful, but they’ve never personally used. It may not seem like a big deal but if your coach is only teaching you strategies they’ve never used, they won’t be able to help when you encounter situations that require personal experience to navigate through.

Tech startups face unique challenges

One of the biggest challenges tech startups face is the pressure to adapt to rapid change that basically forces quick decisions to beat the competition to solutions. It’s the nature of the industry.

Andrew Van Noy of Warp 9 says, “If a company isn’t nimble enough, or cannot execute fast enough on an idea, the window of opportunity for your product or service may very well close before it is ready for the market.” And on the flip side, Van Noy expands by saying that being the first to find a solution doesn’t guarantee success. Trailblazing new solutions can come with its own set of challenges. Sometimes another company can swoop in and capitalize on the idea first.

Tech startups need to know when to let go – but do their coaches?

Sometimes projects fail, and that’s okay. It’s completely normal. And one of the biggest challenges faced by tech companies is the tendency to let a project linger rather than accept failure. But it’s far worse to let a project hang as an incompletion than it is to accept failure and move along.

This presents a particular difficulty for tech startups working with a coach if the coach has no experience in the tech industry.

When a coach has no personal experience, they won’t know when it’s time to accept failure and move on. That coach will likely tend to encourage the startup to continue with the project long past its time.

Hiring a coach without personal experience is like being lost in the jungle with a guide who knows how to read a map but has never been in the jungle. They can give you directions to get back home, but they won’t be able to help you navigate the environment without getting eaten, stung, or sick from eating the wrong plants.                                                                                                

Business coaches with experience are the best mentors

When your coach has first-hand experience with what they teach, you get more than just knowledge and strategies. You get an entire package of wisdom that comes from years of experience. Take Sam Ovens, for example. After experiencing a couple of failed businesses with a personal loss of over $10,000, he turned his mistakes into wisdom and is now a millionaire consultant for consultants running a global e-learning business.

First-hand experience makes coaches adept at problem solving and also accurately projecting the future to see what’s coming – and that’s where results come from.

2. Coaching is an $11 billion industry

According to IBISworld market research, coaching is an $11 billion industry with a 2.6 percent annual growth. The explosion of online coaching programs is largely responsible for this growth, making it easier for existing coaches to expand and new coaches to enter the market.

E-coaching can be just as effective as coaching in person. But the risk with taking on a virtual coach is that many of them are not business coaches, but clever entrepreneurs whose success is self-referencing. In other words, they may generate millions of dollars, but it all comes from their coaching business. This makes them great for marketing and sales, but they can’t necessarily help you with business strategies.

4. Client results are the best indicator of a good coach

It’s easy to automatically base your perception of success on how much money your coach makes. And while revenue can be an indicator of some kind of success, when it comes to coaches you need to know exactly how they earn their revenue.

Before hiring a coach, you should be looking at the results they get for their clients, not for themselves. Does the coach help clients generate an increase in revenue or help improve customer support relations? Does the coach teach strategies that cut costs, increase staff morale, and improve internal systems, products or services? If you’re a tech startup, how many tech startups has the coach partnered with, and can you talk with them to find out how that coach may have played a role in their success?

With the high fees charged by most coaches, you should be getting the expertise you’re paying for. Look for any measurable outcomes they helped their clients achieve.

Always qualify your business coach

Most coaches require potential clients to submit an application to qualify prior to accepting them as a client. You should be qualifying your coaches as well during your consultation. Don’t be afraid to ask questions about the results they’ve achieved for their clients and what you can expect.

The best business coaches will be honest about what outcomes you can expect in a realistic amount of time. Ask the hard questions and don’t feel obligated to commit to a coach you’re not completely sure about.

Listen to your intuition and you’ll make the right decision.

Clearing Maths is not a great deal. All you need to follow is just a small key. Take last three years question papers and start working out the sums. Do not leave the choices. work out all sums. thats it you can clear maths easily. 

As maths exam involves more repetitive problems. learning three years question paper ismore than enough for you to practice.

All the best