Learn Unit 1-Matter - Its Nature & Behaviour with Free Lessons & Tips

Water is liquid at room temperature due to the unique arrangement of its molecules, which allows for hydrogen bonding between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds give water its relatively high boiling point and keep it in a liquid state at room temperature.

Sol: A sol is a colloidal suspension in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which the solute is uniformly distributed throughout the solvent. Suspension: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium but settle out over time due to gravity.

Rutherford's α-particle scattering experiment involved directing a beam of alpha particles at a thin gold foil and observing the scattering pattern on a fluorescent screen. The observations showed that most alpha particles passed through the foil undeflected, while a small fraction were scattered at large angles, suggesting that atoms have a concentrated positive charge (nucleus) surrounded by empty space and electrons.

The relationship between atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars, and valency of an atom is as follows: The atomic number (number of protons) determines the identity of the element, while the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons) represents different isotopes of the element. Isobars are atoms of different elements with the same mass number. Valency is determined by the number of electrons involved in chemical bonding, which can vary for different isotopes or elements.